Short-term response of soil microorganisms, nutrients and plant recovery in fire-affected Araucaria araucana forests

Abstract

Soil contains a wide variety of microorganisms that are responsible for fundamental ecological processes. However, increased frequency and severity of fires reduce microbial diversity and alter soil nutrient availability, affecting vegetation recovery. By using a large-scale wildfire that burned endangered Araucaria araucana forests in south-central Chile (38 degrees S), we assessed the short-term post-fire response of microorganisms, soil nutrients, and plant recovery. One year after fire, we sampled soils from burned and unburned areas, and measured the number of bacterial and fungal colony forming units, and the microbiological activity of the soil. We also measured soil nutrients (N, P, and K), organic matter content and species richness, abundance and plant diversity after fire. We found a significant increase in microbiological activity in burned soils (BS) compared to unburned soils (UBS), with bacteria and fungi being four and seven times greater in BS than in UBS, respectively. Concentrations of N, P and K were also greater in BS than in UBS. Plant species richness was two times higher in unburned than in burned areas, with a drastic reduction of the dominant tree species Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus pumilio after fire. The changes in soil properties after fire may be related to organic matter mineralization, the contribution of nutrients from ashes, or due to post-fire conditions (e.g., increased soil temperature after canopy removal by fire). Overall, our study shows a positive, short-term response in soil microorganisms abundance and nutrient content, but a rapid initial reduction of plant diversity of the main dominant tree species in these forest ecosystems after a severe fire. Further research is necessary as vegetation results are only preliminary and they can vary in the short-to-medium term. Our study provides insightful clues to delve into more applied research aimed at the post-fire restoration of the endemic, long-lived Araucaria araucana forests.

Soil contains a wide variety of microorganisms that are responsible for fundamental ecological processes. However, increased frequency and severity of fires reduce microbial diversity and alter soil nutrient availability, affecting vegetation recovery. By using a large-scale wildfire that burned endangered Araucaria araucana forests in south-central Chile (38 degrees S), we assessed the short-term post-fire response of microorganisms, soil nutrients, and plant recovery. One year after fire, we sampled soils from burned and unburned areas, and measured the number of bacterial and fungal colony forming units, and the microbiological activity of the soil. We also measured soil nutrients (N, P, and K), organic matter content and species richness, abundance and plant diversity after fire. We found a significant increase in microbiological activity in burned soils (BS) compared to unburned soils (UBS), with bacteria and fungi being four and seven times greater in BS than in UBS, respectively. Concentrations of N, P and K were also greater in BS than in UBS. Plant species richness was two times higher in unburned than in burned areas, with a drastic reduction of the dominant tree species Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus pumilio after fire. The changes in soil properties after fire may be related to organic matter mineralization, the contribution of nutrients from ashes, or due to post-fire conditions (e.g., increased soil temperature after canopy removal by fire). Overall, our study shows a positive, short-term response in soil microorganisms abundance and nutrient content, but a rapid initial reduction of plant diversity of the main dominant tree species in these forest ecosystems after a severe fire. Further research is necessary as vegetation results are only preliminary and they can vary in the short-to-medium term. Our study provides insightful clues to delve into more applied research aimed at the post-fire restoration of the endemic, long-lived Araucaria araucana forests.